History
Thomas B. Jeffery automobile factory in Kenosha, Wisconsin, c.1916
Citroën assembly line in 1918
Safety
Safety is a state that implies to be protected from any risk, danger, damage or cause of injury. In the automotive industry, safety means that users, operators or manufacturers do not face any risk or danger coming from the motor vehicle or its spare parts. Safety for the autmobiles themselves, implies that there is no risk of damage.Safety in the automotive industry is particularly important and therefore highly regulated. Automobiles and other motor vehicles have to comply with a certain number of norms and regulations, whether local or international, in order to be accepted on the market. The standard ISO 26262, is considered as one of the best practice framework for achieving automotive functional safety.[6]
In case of safety issues, danger, product defect or faulty procedure during the manufacturing of the motor vehicle, the maker can request to return either a batch or the entire production run. This procedure is called product recall. Product recalls happen in every industry and can be production-related or stem from the raw material.
Product and operation tests and inspections at different stages of the value chain are made to avoid these product recalls by ensuring end-user security and safety and compliance with the automotive industry requirements. However, the automotive industry is still particularly concerned about product recalls, which cause considerable financial consequences.
Economy
Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007, consuming over 980 billion litres (980,000,000 m3) of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly.[7] The automobile is a primary mode of transportation for many developed economies. The Detroit branch of Boston Consulting Group predicts that, by 2014, one-third of world demand will be in the four BRIC markets (Brazil, Russia, India and China). Meanwhile, in the developed countries, the automotive industry has slowed down.[8] It is also expected that this trend will continue, especially as the younger generations of people (in highly urbanized countries) no longer want to own a car anymore, and prefer other modes of transport.[9] Other potentially powerful automotive markets are Iran and Indonesia.[10] Emerging auto markets already buy more cars than established markets. According to a J.D. Power study, emerging markets accounted for 51 percent of the global light-vehicle sales in 2010. The study, performed in 2010 expected this trend to accelerate.[11][12] However, more recent reports (2012) confirmed the opposite; namely that the automotive industry was slowing down even in BRIC countries.[8] In the United States, vehicle sales peaked in 2000, at 17.8 million units.[13]World motor vehicle production
World Motor Vehicle Production[14]
1970s; Oil crisis and tighter safety and emission regulation.
1990s; production started in NICs
2000s; rise of China as top producer
Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010
to 1950; USA had produced more than 80% of motor vehicles.[15]1950s; UK, Germany and France restarted production.
1960s; Japan started production and increased volume through the 1980s. US, Japan, Germany, France and UK produced about 80% of motor vehicles through the 1980s.
1990s; Korea became a volume producer. In 2004, Korea became No. 5 passing France.
2000s; China increased its production drastically, and 2009 became the world largest producing country.
2013; The share of China (25.4%), Korea, India, Brazil and Mexico rose to 43%, while the share of USA (12.7%), Japan, Germany, France and UK fell to 34%.
1960s; Japan started production and increased volume through the 1980s. US, Japan, Germany, France and UK produced about 80% of motor vehicles through the 1980s.
1990s; Korea became a volume producer. In 2004, Korea became No. 5 passing France.
2000s; China increased its production drastically, and 2009 became the world largest producing country.
2013; The share of China (25.4%), Korea, India, Brazil and Mexico rose to 43%, while the share of USA (12.7%), Japan, Germany, France and UK fell to 34%.
By year
[35]| Year | Production | Change | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1997 | 54,434,000 | [16] | |
| 1998 | 52,987,000 | -2.7% | [16] |
| 1999 | 56,258,892 | 6.2% | [17] |
| 2000 | 58,374,162 | 3.8% | [18] |
| 2001 | 56,304,925 | -3.5% | [19] |
| 2002 | 58,994,318 | 4.8% | [20] |
| 2003 | 60,663,225 | 2.8% | [21] |
| 2004 | 64,496,220 | 6.3% | [22] |
| 2005 | 66,482,439 | 3.1% | [23] |
| 2006 | 69,222,975 | 4.1% | [24] |
| 2007 | 73,266,061 | 5.8% | [25] |
| 2008 | 70,520,493 | -3.7% | [26] |
| 2009 | 61,791,868 | -12.4% | [27] |
| 2010 | 77,857,705 | 26.0% | [28] |
| 2011 | 79,989,155 | 3.1% | [29] |
| 2012 | 84,141,209 | 5.3% | [30] |
| 2013 | 87,300,115 | 3.7% | [31] |
| 2014 | 89,747,430 | 2.6% | [32] |
| 2015 | 90,086,346 | 0.4% | [33] |
| 2016 | 94,976,569 | 4.5% | [34] |
Car exports by country (2014) from Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity
Global automobile import and export in 2011
By country
The OICA counts over 50 countries which assemble, manufacture or disseminate automobiles. Of that figure, only 13, boldfaced in the list below, possess the capability to design automobiles from the ground up.[36]
Algeria
Argentina
Australia (main page)
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bangladesh (main page)
Belarus (main page)
Belgium
Brazil (main page)
Bulgaria (main page)
Canada (main page)
China (main page)
Colombia
Czech Republic
Egypt
Finland
France (main page)
Ghana
Germany (main page)
Hungary (main page)
India (main page)
Indonesia (main page)
Iran (main page)
Italy (main page)
Japan (main page)
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya (main page)
Morocco (main page)
Malaysia (main page)
Mexico (main page)
Netherlands
Pakistan (main page)
Philippines
Poland (main page)
Portugal
Romania (main page)
Russia (main page)
Serbia (main page)
Slovakia (main page)
Slovenia
South Africa (main page)
South Korea (main page)
Spain (main page)
Sweden (main page)
Taiwan
Thailand (main page)
Turkey (main page)
Ukraine (main page)
United Kingdom (main page)
United States (main page)
Uzbekistan (main page)
Venezuela
Vietnam
| Country | Motor vehicle production (units) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China | 28,118,794 | ||||||||
| United States | 12,198,137 | ||||||||
| Japan | 9,204,590 | ||||||||
| Germany | 6,062,562 | ||||||||
| India | 4,488,965 | ||||||||
| South Korea | 4,228,509 | ||||||||
| Mexico | 3,597,462 | ||||||||
| Spain | 2,885,922 | ||||||||
| Canada | 2,370,271 | ||||||||
| Brazil | 2,156,356 | ||||||||
| France | 2,082,000 | ||||||||
| Thailand | 1,944,417 | ||||||||
| United Kingdom | 1,816,622 | ||||||||
| Turkey | 1,485,927 | ||||||||
| Czech Republic | 1,349,896 | ||||||||
| Russia | 1,303,989 | ||||||||
| Indonesia | 1,177,389 | ||||||||
| Iran | 1,164,710 | ||||||||
| Italy | 1,103,516 | ||||||||
| Slovakia | 1,040,000 | ||||||||
| "Production Statistics". OICA. | |||||||||
By manufacturer
This is a list of the 15 largest manufacturers by production in 2016.[35]| Rank | Group | Country | Vehicles |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Toyota | Japan | 10,213,486 |
| 2 | Volkswagen Group | Germany | 10,126,281 |
| 3 | Hyundai | South Korea | 7,889,538 |
| 4 | General Motors | United States | 7,793,066 |
| 5 | Ford | United States | 6,429,485 |
| 6 | Nissan | Japan | 5,556,241 |
| 7 | Honda | Japan | 4,999,266 |
| 8 | Fiat Chrysler Automobiles | Italy / United States | 4,681,457 |
| 9 | Renault | France | 3,373,278 |
| 10 | PSA | France | 3,152,787 |
| 11 | Suzuki | Japan | 2,945,295 |
| 12 | SAIC | China | 2,566,793 |
| 13 | Daimler | Germany | 2,526,450 |
| 14 | BMW | Germany | 2,359,756 |
| 15 | Changan | China | 1,715,871 |
By market segment
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Company relationships
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Stake holding
It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile manufacturers. These ownerships can be explored under the detail for the individual companies.Notable current relationships include:[citation needed]
- Daimler AG holds a 20% stake in Eicher Motors.
- Daimler AG holds a 10.0% stake in KAMAZ.
- Daimler AG holds an 89.29% stake in Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation.
- Daimler AG holds a 6.75% stake in Tata Motors.
- Daimler AG holds a 3.1% in the Renault-Nissan Alliance.
- Daimler AG holds a 12% stake in Beijing Automotive Group,
- Daimler AG holds an 85% stake in Master Motors.
- Dongfeng Motor holds a 12.86% stake and an 18.85% exercisable voting rights in PSA Groupe.
- FAW Group owns 49% of Haima Automobile.
- FCA holds a 90% stake in Ferrari.
- FCA holds a 67% stake in Fiat Automobili Srbija.
- FCA holds 37.8% of Tofaş with another 37.8% owned by Koç Holding.
- Fiat Automobili Srbija owns a 54% stake in Zastava Trucks.
- Fiat Industrial owns a 46% stake in Zastava Trucks.
- Fujian Motors Group holds a 15% stake in King Long. FMG, China Motor, and Daimler has a joint venture called Fujian Benz. FMG, China Motor, and Mitsubishi Motors has a joint venture called Soueast, FMG holds a 50% stake, and both China Motor and Mitsubishi Motors holds an equal 25% stake.
- Geely Automobile holds a 23% stake in The London Taxi Company.
- Geely Automobile holds a 49.9% stake in PROTON Holdings and a 51% stake in Lotus Cars.[37]
- General Motors holds a 94% stake in GM Korea and SAIC Group holds a 6% stake.
- General Motors holds a 20% stake in Industries Mécaniques Maghrébines.
- Isuzu owns 10% of Industries Mécaniques Maghrébines.
- MAN SE holds a 17.01% voting stake in Scania.
- Marcopolo owns 19% of New Flyer Industries.
- Mitsubishi Group holds 20% of Mitsubishi Motors.
- Nissan owns 34% of Mitsubishi Motors and had the since October 2016,[38] thus having the right to nominate the chairman of Mitsubishi Motors’s board and a third of its directors.[39]
- Nissan owns 43% of Nissan Shatai.
- Porsche Automobil Holding SE has a 50.74% voting stake in Volkswagen Group. The Porsche automotive business is fully owned by the Volkswagen Group.
- Renault and Nissan Motors have an alliance (Renault-Nissan Alliance) involving two global companies linked by cross-shareholding, with Renault holding 43.4% of Nissan shares, and Nissan holding 15% of (non-voting) Renault shares.
- Renault-Nissan Alliance holds a 3.1% share in Daimler AG.
- Renault holds a 25% stake in AvtoVAZ
- Renault holds an 80.1% stake in Renault Samsung.
- SAIPA holds a 51% stake in Pars Khodro.
- Toyota holds a 100% stake in Daihatsu.
- Toyota holds a 50.1% stake in Hino.
- Toyota holds a 16.7% stake in Fuji Heavy Industries, parent company of Subaru.
- Toyota holds a 5.9% stake in Isuzu.
- Toyota holds a 5.05% stake in Mazda, while Mazda holds 0.25% stake in Toyota[40].
- Volkswagen Group holds a 99.55% stake in the Audi Group.
- Volkswagen Group holds a 37.73% stake in Scania (68.6% voting rights), a 53.7% stake in MAN SE (55.9% voting rights), Volkswagen is integrating Scania, MAN and its own truck division into one division.
- Paccar inc. has a 19% stake in Tatra.
Joint ventures
- AB Volvo and Eicher Motors has a 50-50% joint venture called VE Commercial Vehicles.
- Beijing Automotive Group has a joint venture with Daimler called Beijing Benz, both companies hold a 50-50% stake. both companies also have a joint venture called Beijing Foton Daimler Automobile. BAG also has a joint venture with Hyundai called Beijing Hyundai, both companies hold a 50-50% stake.
- BMW and Brilliance have a joint venture called BMW Brilliance. BMW owns a 50% stake, Brilliance owns a 40.5% stake, and the Shenyang municipal government owns a 9.5% stake.
- Chang'an Automobile Group has joint venture with Groupe PSA (CAPSA), both hold a 50-50% stake,
- Chang'an Automobile Group has joint venture with Suzuki (Changan Suzuki), both hold a 50-50% stake,
- Chang'an Automobile Group has joint venture with Ford and Mazda (Changan Ford Mazda), CAG holds a 50% stake, Ford holds a 35% stake, and Mazda holds a 15% stake.
- Chang'an and Ford have a joint venture called Chang'an Ford Nanjing. Jiangling and Chang'an have a joint venture called Jiangxi Jiangling.
- Chery has a joint venture with Tata Motors called Chery Jaguar Land Rover, both companies hold a 50-50% stake.
- Chery and Israel Corporation has a joint venture called Qoros, both companies hold a 50-50% stake.
- Daimler AG and BYD Auto have a joint venture called Denza, both companies hold a 50-50% stake.
- Dongfeng Motor and Nissan have a 50-50% joint venture called Dongfeng Motor Company.
- Dongfeng Motor and PSA Group have a 50-50% joint venture called Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroen,
- Dongfeng Motor has a 50-50% joint venture with Honda called Dongfeng Honda,
- Dongfeng Motor has a joint venture with AB Volvo called Dongfeng Nissan-Diesel,
- Dongfeng Motor has a 50-50% joint venture with Renault named Dongfeng Renault in Wuhan, which was founded in the end of 2013
- Ford Motor Company and Navistar International have a 50-50 joint venture called Blue Diamond Truck.
- Ford and Sollers JSC have a 50-50 joint venture called Ford Sollers.
- Both Ford and Koç Holding own a 41% stake in Ford Otosan.
- Ford and Lio Ho Group have a joint venture called Ford Lio Ho, Ford owns 70% and Lio Ho Group owns 30%.
- FAW Group and GM has a 50-50 joint venture called FAW-GM,
- FAW Group has a 50-50 joint venture with Volkswagen Group called FAW-Volkswagen,
- FAW Group has a 50-50 joint venture with Toyota called Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor and both companies also have another joint venture called Ranz.
- General Motors and Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC), both have two joint ventures in Shanghai General Motors and SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile. Both also hold an equal 50% stake in General Motors India Private Limited.
- General Motors and UzAvtosanoat have a joint venture called GM Uzbekistan, UzAvtosanoat owns 75% and General Motors owns 25%. General Motors and UzAvtosanoat also have a joint venture called UzDaewooAvto both each hold a 50-50 stake.
- General Motors, AvtoVAZ, and EBRD have a joint venture called GM-AvtoVAZ, Both GM and AvtoVAZ owns 41.61% and EBRD owns 16.76%.
- Hyundai Motor Company and Kibar Holding has a joint venture called Hyundai Assan Otomotiv, Hyundai Motor Group owns 70% and Kibar Holding owns 30%.
- Isuzu and Anadolu Group have a 50-50% joint venture called Anadolu Isuzu.
- Isuzu and General Motors has a 50-50% joint venture called Isuzu Truck South Africa.
- Isuzu, Sollers JSC, and Imperial Sojitz have a joint venture called Sollers-Isuzu, Sollers JSC owns 66%, Isuzu owns 29%, and Imperial Sojitz owns 5%.
- Mahindra & Mahindra and Navistar International has a joint venture called Mahindra Trucks and Buses Limited. Mahindra & Mahindra owns 51% and Navistar International owns 49%.
- MAN SE and UzAvtosanoat have a joint venture called MAN Auto-Uzbekistan, UzAvtosanoat owns 51% and MAN owns 49%.
- Navistar International and JAC has a joint venture called Anhui Jianghuai Navistar.
- PSA Groupe and Toyota have a 50-50% joint venture called Toyota Peugeot Citroen Automobile Czech, and another joint venture with Chang'an called Chang'an PSA automobile.
- Sollers JSC is involved in Joint ventures with Ford (Ford Sollers) and Mazda to produce cars.
- Tata Motors also formed a joint venture in India with Fiat and gained access to Fiat's diesel engine technology.
- Tata Motors and Marcopolo have a Tata Marcopolo, Tata owns 51% and Marcopolo owns 49%.
- ZAP owns 51% of Zhejiang Jonway.
Top vehicle manufacturing groups by volume
The table below shows the world's 10 largest motor vehicle manufacturing groups, along with the marques produced by each one. The table is ranked by 2016 production figures from the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA) for the parent group, and then alphabetically by marque. Joint ventures are not reflected in this table. Production figures of joint ventures are typically included in OICA rankings, which can become a source of controversy.[41][42]| Marque | Country of origin | Ownership | Markets | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Toyota ( Japan) | ||||
| Daihatsu | | Subsidiary | Europe, Asia (except South Korea, South Asia (excluding Sri Lanka)), Africa, South America | |
| Hino | | Subsidiary | South East Asia, Japan, North America, Central America, South America, Caribbean | |
| Lexus | | Business Unit | South East Asia, China, Japan, South Korea, Middle East, United States, Canada, Europe, Brazil, Costa Rica, Panama, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India | |
| Toyota | | Division | Global, except Iran | |
| 2. Volkswagen AG ( Germany) | ||||
| Audi | | Subsidiary | Global, except Iran | |
| Bentley | | Subsidiary | Global | |
| Bugatti | | Subsidiary | Global, except Australia | |
| Ducati | | Subsidiary | Global | |
| Lamborghini | | Subsidiary | Global | |
| MAN | | Subsidiary | Global, except North America | |
| Porsche | | Subsidiary | Global, except Iran, North Korea, Syria, Cuba | |
| Scania | | Subsidiary | Global, except North America | |
| SEAT | | Subsidiary | Europe, China, Singapore, Mexico, Central America, South America, Middle East, Northern Africa | |
| Škoda | | Subsidiary | Europe, Asia (except Indonesia, The Philippines, Iran, Japan, South Korea, North Korea), Central America, South America, Dominican Republic, Northern Africa, Western Africa, Australia, New Zealand | |
| Volkswagen | | Division | Global | |
| Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles | | Subsidiary | Global | |
| VTB | | Business Unit | Brazil, Mexico, Nigeria, South Africa | |
| 3. Hyundai ( South Korea) | ||||
| Genesis | | Business Unit | South Korea, Russia, United States, Canada, Middle East | |
| Hyundai | | Division | Global | |
| Kia | | Subsidiary | Global, except Japan | |
| 4. General Motors ( United States) | ||||
| Buick | | Business Unit | North America, China, Israel | |
| Cadillac | | Business Unit | North America, Middle East, China, Europe, Japan, South Korea | |
| Chevrolet | | Business Unit | Global, except Australia, New Zealand | |
| GMC | | Business Unit | North America, Middle East (except Israel) | |
| Holden | | Subsidiary | Australia, New Zealand | |
| JieFang | | Business Unit | China | |
| SAIC-GM | | Business Unit | China | |
| UzDaewoo | | Business Unit | Central Asia, Russia | |
| 5. Ford ( United States) | ||||
| Ford | | Division | Global | |
| Lincoln | | Business Unit | North America, Middle East, Japan, South Korea, China | |
| Troller Veículos Especiais | | Subsidiary | South America, Africa, Australia, Europe | |
| 6. Nissan ( Japan) | ||||
| Datsun | | Division | Indonesia, India, Russia, South Africa | |
| Infiniti | | Subsidiary | Global, except Japan, South America (excluding Chile), Africa (excluding South Africa) | |
| Nissan | | Division | Global | |
| 7. Honda ( Japan) | ||||
| Acura | | Division | China, Kuwait, North America, Russia | |
| Honda | | Division | Global | |
| 8. Fiat Chrysler Automobiles ( Italy) | ||||
| Abarth | | Subsidiary | Global, except Iran | |
| Alfa Romeo | | Subsidiary | Global, except Iran, China, Taiwan, the Philippines | |
| Chrysler | | Division | Global, except Europe (excluding United Kingdom, Ireland), Africa (excluding South Africa, Egypt), South Asia, South East Asia (excluding Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore) | |
| Dodge | | Division | Global, except Europe, Africa (excluding South Africa, Egypt), South Asia, South East Asia (excluding Indonesia, the Philippines) | |
| Fiat | | Subsidiary | Global, except Africa (excluding South Africa), Iran, South East Asia | |
| Fiat Professional | | Business Unit | Global, except Africa (excluding South Africa), Iran, South East Asia, United States, Canada | |
| Jeep | | Division | Global, except Africa (excluding South Africa, Egypt), South Asia (excluding India, Sri Lanka), South East Asia (excluding Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore) | |
| Lancia | | Division | Europe, except United Kingdom, Ireland | |
| Maserati | | Subsidiary | Global | |
| Ram | | Division | North America, Brazil, Middle East, Peru | |
| 9. Renault ( France) | ||||
| Dacia | | Subsidiary | Europe, North Africa | |
| Lada | | Subsidiary | Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, France, Germany, Hungary, Egypt | |
| Renault | | Subsidiary | Global | |
| Renault Samsung Motors | | Subsidiary | South Korea, Chile | |
| 10. Groupe PSA ( France) | ||||
| Citroën | | Division | Europe, Central and South America, Northern and Western Africa, South Africa, Madagascar, Australia, New Zealand, Asia (except India, Pakistan, Bangladesh) | |
| DS | | Division | Europe, China | |
| Peugeot | | Division | Global, except USA, Canada, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh | |
| Opel | | Subsidiary | Europe | |
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